National Day of Mourning 1970-2024: ‘We are not vanishing. We are not conquered. We are as strong as ever.’

Kimimilasha James gave this speech to the National Day of Mourning on Nov. 28, 2024, in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Good afternoon sisters, brothers and siblings! Once again on so-called “Thanksgiving Day,” United American Indians of New England and our supporters are gathered on this hill to observe a National Day of Mourning for the Indigenous people murdered by settler colonialism and imperialism worldwide. Today marks the 55th time we have gathered here to mourn our ancestors, tear down settler mythologies and speak truth to power.

National Day of Mourning came into existence in 1970 when my grandfather, an Aquinnah Wampanoag man named Wamsutta Frank James, was invited by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to speak at a banquet celebrating the 350th anniversary of the arrival of the Pilgrims. 

The organizers of the banquet no doubt imagined that Wamsutta would sing the praises of the American settler-colonial project and thank the Pilgrims for bringing “civilization” to these shores. However, the speech that Wamsutta wrote, which was based on historical fact rather than the sham version of history perpetuated in the Thanksgiving myth, was a far cry from complimentary.

In his speech, Wamsutta not only named atrocities committed by the Pilgrims but also reflected upon the fate of the Wampanoag at the hands of the settler invaders. Wamsutta’s speech contained a powerful message of Native American pride. 

“Our spirit refuses to die,” wrote Wamsutta. “Yesterday we walked the woodland paths and sandy trails. Today we must walk the macadam highways and roads. We are Uniting. … We stand tall and proud; and before too many moons pass, we’ll right the wrongs we have allowed to happen to us.”

When state officials saw an advance copy of Wamsutta’s speech, they refused to allow him to deliver it, saying that the speech was too “inflammatory.” They told him he could speak only if he were willing to offer false praise of the Pilgrims. The organizers even offered to write a speech for him, one which would better fit with their settler narrative. 

But Wamsutta refused to have words put into his mouth. His suppressed speech was printed in newspapers across the country, and he and other local Native activists began to plan a protest. The flyer for this protest, which was circulated nationwide, read: “What do we have to be thankful for? The United American Indians of New England have declared Thanksgiving Day to be a National Day of Mourning for Native Americans.”

National Day of Mourning 1970

On so-called Thanksgiving Day 1970, Wamsutta and members of at least 25 tribes, as well as a handful of non-Native allies, gathered here on this hill and observed the first National Day of Mourning. Attendees spoke out about the Pilgrim invasion and conditions in Indian Country, marched around Plymouth, boarded the Mayflower II and even buried Plymouth Rock in sand!

One leader of the American Indian Movement would later say of the first National Day of Mourning that “it is a day American Indians won’t forget. We went to Plymouth for a purpose: to mourn since the landing of the Pilgrims the repression of the American Indian; and to indict the hypocrisy of a system which glorifies that Repression.” (workers.org/2022/11/67789/)

So — why do so many Native people object to the Thanksgiving myth? According to this myth, the Pilgrims, seeking religious freedom, landed on Plymouth rock. The Indians welcomed them with open arms and then conveniently faded into the background, and everyone lived happily ever after. The end.

Here is the truth:

First, the Pilgrims are glorified and mythologized, because the circumstances of the first permanent English colony in North America — Jamestown — were too ugly to hold up as an effective national myth. Pilgrims and Indians are a much more marketable story than settler cannibalism.

Second, the Pilgrims came here as part of a commercial venture. They didn’t need religious freedom — they already had that back in the Netherlands. The Mayflower Compact was merely a group of white men who wanted to ensure they would get a return on their investment. 

Third, when the Pilgrims arrived — on outer Cape Cod by the way, not on that pebble down the hill — one of the first things they did was to rob Wampanoag graves at Corn Hill and steal as much of their winter provisions of corn and beans as they were able to carry.

Fourth, some Wampanoag ancestors did greet the Pilgrims and save them from starvation. And what did we, the Indigenous people of this continent, get in return for this kindness? Genocide, the theft of our lands, the destruction of our traditional ways of life, slavery, starvation and never-ending oppression.

Fifth, the first official Thanksgiving did not take place in 1621 when the Pilgrims had a harvest-time meal provided largely by the Wampanoag. Instead, the first Thanksgiving was declared in 1637 by Governor [John] Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to celebrate the massacre of over 700 Pequot men, women and children on the banks of the Mystic River in Connecticut. Subsequent slaughters of Indigenous people would be celebrated by a day of Thanksgiving. And yet we are labeled as “savages” in the history books.

The past influences the present

So why does any of this matter? After all, 1620 was a long time ago, and the Pilgrim forefathers have been rotting in their graves for centuries. It is simple — the past influences the present. In her book “Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route,” Saidiya V. Hartman wrote, “I, TOO, LIVE, in the time of slavery, by which I mean I am living in the future created by it.” So, too, are we living in the time of the Pilgrims.

Because the settler project created by the Pilgrims did not end with the Pilgrims. The evils that the Pilgrims brought to these shores — racism, slavery, the class system, jails, homophobia, transphobia, misogyny — these evils continue to affect the peoples of Turtle Island and beyond. For, as Plymouth loves to remind us, this is America’s Hometown. The United States was born here, and its myriad crimes therefore rest on the shoulders of the Pilgrim forefathers. And, indeed, all settler-colonial projects worldwide, past and present, are indebted to the Pilgrims.

These settler-colonial projects have terrorized Indigenous peoples for centuries. From the colonial period to the twenty-first century, this has entailed torture, massacres, family separations, systematic military occupations and the forced removals of Indigenous peoples from their ancestral homelands. 

Let us not forget that this country was founded on the ideology of white supremacy, the widespread practice of African slavery and a policy of genocide and land theft. Let us not forget that under the pipelines, skyscrapers, mines and the oil rigs lie the interred bones, sacred objects and villages of our Native ancestors. 

Let us not forget that this is a country that continues to glorify murderers such as Christopher Columbus, that worships slave-owning presidents such as Washington and Jefferson and even carves their faces into the sacred Black Hills of the Lakota.

And until this country — this settler-colonial project — and all settler-colonial projects are dismantled — we will continue to live in the time of Pilgrims. So, the Pilgrims are not ancient history, and we cannot allow their crimes to be sanitized and forgotten. And that is why, year after year, we have gathered on this hill to tear down the Thanksgiving mythology.

Thanksgiving myth perpetuates genocide

When people perpetuate the Thanksgiving mythology, they are not only erasing the Pilgrims’ legacy of settler colonialism and genocide, but also celebrating it.

But Native people did not simply fade into the background as the Thanksgiving myth says. We have survived and flourished. We have persevered. The very fact that you are here is proof that we did not vanish. Our very presence frees this land from the lies of the history books and the mythmakers. We will remember and honor all of our ancestors in the struggle who went before us. We will speak truth to power as we have been doing since the first National Day of Mourning in 1970.

That first National Day of Mourning in 1970 was a powerful demonstration of Native unity, and it has continued for all these years as a powerful demonstration of the unity of all people who speak truth to power.

Many of the conditions that prevailed in Indian Country in 1970 still prevail today. In 1970, our average life expectancy was just 44 years. Today, we continue to have the lowest life expectancy of any group in the U.S., and the death rate for Native women has increased 20% over the past 15 years. In 1970, our suicide and infant mortality rates were the highest in the country. This has not changed.

All of us are struggling under the oppression of a capitalist system which forces people to make a bitter choice between heating and eating. And we will continue to gather on this hill until we are free from this oppressive system. Until corporations and the U.S. military stop polluting the earth. Until we dismantle the brutal apparatus of mass incarceration.

We will not stop until the oppression of our LGBTQIA+ and Two Spirit siblings is a thing of the past. Until unhoused people have homes. Until there are no more murdered and missing Indigenous women and other relatives. Until human beings are no longer deported or locked in cages at the U.S. border, despite the fact that no one is illegal on stolen land. Until no person goes hungry or is left to die, because they have little or no access to quality health care. Until insulin is free. Until union busting is a thing of the past.

We will not stop until the U.S. ends its colonial occupations of Puerto Rico and the sovereign Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Until the U.S. stops its warmongering worldwide. Until the U.S. ends its interventions in Haiti and repays the billions it stole from the Haitian people. Until the U.S. pays reparations to Black Americans. Until Land Back for Native nations! Until then, the struggle will continue!

In the spirit of Crazy Horse, in the spirit of Metacom, in the spirit of Geronimo. Above all, to all people who fight and struggle for real justice.

We are not vanishing. We are not conquered. We are as strong as ever.