Bamako, Mali
World Social Forum puts Africa up front
By
John Catalinotto
Bamako, Mali
Published Jan 30, 2006 9:17 PM
For those who know
that Mali’s capital, Bamako, has only a handful of large
buildings—some government offices, a 15-story luxury hotel, an
international bank and a large mosque—it may have been a surprise that
this city was picked for the African session of 2006’s Polycentric World
Social Forum (WSF).
But Mali has a rich history that reminds people of
the high point of African civilization before the slave trade decimated the
continent. In the early 14th century, Mali was the leading power in an empire
bigger than medieval Europe, on the trading route from the Middle East to the
African Gold Coast.
On that route was the legendary city of Timbuktu,
located in the dry region of northern Mali known as the Sahel, on the edge of
the Sahara desert. It is said that Mali’s 14th-century ruler Mansa (or
Kankan) Moussa once traveled to Mecca with an entourage of 60,000 retainers,
each carrying a bar of gold. Arriving in Cairo, he gave away so much gold that
his generosity collapsed the medieval market for that precious
metal.
Landlocked and extremely poor today, Mali still produces and
exports gold, along with cotton. These two products account for 80 percent of
Mali’s exports. Its territory of 480,000 square miles is almost twice that
of Texas, but only 4 percent is arable, mostly in the inland delta of the mighty
Niger River. The river starts in the mountains of neighboring Guinea and flows
northeast, then switches to southwest through Niger and Nigeria, finally
emptying into Nigeria’s oil fields in the Gulf of Guinea.
Over a
million of Mali’s 12.5 million people inhabit Bamako, a city of tree-lined
streets with small wooden buildings and the feel of a giant village. Many
Malians live in crushing poverty at a survival level, statistically about the
same rate as Bolivia, and 10 percent of the population are nomads, mostly
Touaregs in the North.
Mali’s infant mortality rate is over 100 per
1,000 live births. The adult literacy rate is under 50 percent.
But anyone
walking across the Bridge of Martyrs from the south to the north side of the
Niger will see a beehive of activity and traffic. People ride mopeds or drive
old cars at a density familiar in any modern city. In the blocks-long market
area, near the grand mosque, people mostly walk through the busy, narrow,
crowded streets.
Everyone is selling and some are buying on these
streets—mostly cheap manufactured goods from all over the
world.
Mali had a progressive government when it won independence from the
French Empire in 1960, but now, like most of Francophone Africa, it is ensnared
in French neocolonialism. Mali’s currency, the CFA, is locked into the
euro, as the currency of the Bahamas or Ecuador is to the dollar. The few real
jobs are in government services, on a railroad now facing privatization or in
the gold mines. But 80 percent of the people live off the land and cotton prices
are so low on the world market that imperialist agribusiness is wiping out the
local producers.
Africa front and center
The organizers of
the World Social Forum chose this city to host the African session of its 2006
gathering from Jan. 19-23. Malian activists organized, with a minimal
infrastructure, a series of 600 meetings over those days in the universities,
government buildings, museums and conference centers of Bamako. According to
these intrepid organizers, including former Minister of Culture Aminata Dramane
Traore, between 15,000 and 20,000 people, mostly from Francophone Africa and
including many from farming villages, attended the Bamako WSF.
For the
first time in the five years of the WSF’s existence, the issues of Africa
were at its center. According to Malian organizer Mamadou Goita, “We had
over 300 people from the rural areas of Mali alone, while another 8,000 came
from neighboring countries. All of them participated in the forum and enriched
the discussions. This has never happened before.”
At the opening
demonstration on Jan. 19, thousands of people marched through Bamako’s
streets to the National Stadium demanding fair trade policies, no privatization
of the railroad, an end to subsidies to imperialist agribusiness, freedom for
Western Sahara and an end to Third World debt.
For the peoples of Africa,
who for the first time had the opportunity to discuss their day-to-day problems
before the world, the forum meant a chance to raise some of the most basic
demands—fair trade for agricultural products with an end to subsidies for
imperialist agribusiness, development of industry in Africa, fair treatment of
immigrants in Europe, protection of the environment of the poor countries, an
end to the crushing debt burden. All were on the agenda.
On Jan. 23, a
group of international guests from Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Sweden, Belgium and
the U.S. stopped at a local restaurant near the train station. As we left, some
young Malian men implored us to bring this message back to the WSF and to the
world: “All we want is work. We would prefer to stay here and work. Or we
will go to Europe and work.”
The train station is at one end of the
rail road from Dakar, Senegal, to Bamako, which was the scene of an historic
10-month-long strike in 1947-1948. The strike played a big role in the
region’s struggle for independence from France. Senegalese author and
filmmaker Sem bene Ousmane brought the story of this strike to the world in
literary form in his novel, “God’s Bits of
Wood.”
Malians at the WSF raised as a major issue the attempt to
privatize the railroad and sell it to a Canadian-based transnational
corporation.
A fate worse than debt
Because the media has
hyped the imperialist banks’ Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
initiative, people may think these countries’ debts have been canceled and
the debt problem substantially relieved. In reality, this initiative has
achieved little.
Throughout the 1990s and in the 21st century, the major
imperialist powers have used the leverage of the crushing debt to enforce,
through the International Monetary Fund, what is known as
“neoliberal” policies on the indebted countries of Africa, Asia and
Latin America. Without IMF approval, the countries can’t get the new
credit they need to function in the world economy.
The IMF demanded that
African governments cut trade barriers that protected local producers,
denationalize industry, cut government spending on health care, education and
food subsidies, and open their markets. In this way their economies remained as
sources of cheap raw materials and labor for transnational corporations while
ensuring continued interest payments to the banks. In 1999, for example, the
HIPC countries repaid $1,680 million more than they received in the form of new
loans.
As a result of World Bank and IMF policies, average incomes in
Africa have declined and the continent’s poverty has increased. These
policies are still imposed on the HIPC countries that received debt
“relief,” including Mali.
In Guinea and Zimbabwe, where the
governments stopped paying interest on their foreign debts, the Fund, the World
Bank and Western countries have frozen all aid, causing the economic situation
to deteriorate there.
With an investment of just $80 billion, all the
people of Africa could have basic medical care, primary education and clean
drinking water, said delegates from the Democratic Republic of Congo. This would
go a long way toward lifting the continent out of poverty. However, they said,
the poorest nations are saddled with more than $300 billion in debt to developed
countries.
Enormous wealth, in people and resources, has been stolen from
Africa over the last five centuries. It is actually capitalist Europe and the
U.S. that are in debt to Africa, not the other way around, and they must be made
to pay reparations.
The Bamako WSF scheduled 600 meetings at nine sites
throughout the capital. Many were focused on the issue of immigration. A whole
group of West African immigrants had just been expelled from Morocco after
spending up to a year walking north in the hope of ending up in Europe with some
sort of job, no matter how hard or how ill-paid.
At one forum, Africans
told of their plight, and European progressives, mainly from France and Italy,
told of trying to work in solidarity with the Africans and to fight for the
rights of all workers. A man from Angola told of being separated from his family
without contact for seven months as he tried desperately to get to Europe. He
had still only reached Mali.
The WSF does not make overall demands, let
alone organize to carry them out. But participants expressed their satisfaction
in meeting others from the continent also working for human progress.
However, at a separate meeting of Marxist intellectuals and activists,
called on the eve of the WSF by economist Samir Amin, a list of demands on
relevant issues was approved. (See the Bamako Appeal, WW, Feb. 2.)
In
Caracas, Venezuela, where the second of the Polycentric WSF sessions finished
Jan. 30, President Hugo Chávez called for an international organization
to take anti-imperialist action.
The 2007 WSF is scheduled for Nairobi,
Kenya.
Catalinotto represented the Inter national Action Center at the
meetings that issued the Bamako Appeal.
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