150 years since ‘Bloody Kansas’
The legacy of John Brown
By
Shelley Ettinger
Published Sep 14, 2006 9:15 AM
Many historians agree that the Civil War
really started on a flat patch of land known as “Bloody Kansas” 150
years ago, in the spring, summer and on into the autumn of 1856.
This area
of land covering some 82,000 square miles now sits at the geographic center of
the continental United States. It rarely gets national attention these days, and
when it does it’s usually for reactionary developments like the effort to
ban evolution from the public schools’ science curriculum.
Yet this
was once the hub of the most important political conflict of its day, indeed of
all U.S. history: the struggle over slavery. This was where diametrically
opposed forces—abolitionists and pro-slavers—clashed.
When
1856 began, the pro-slavery forces had looked to be ascendant. Congress had
passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854. The law provided for popular
sovereignty—voting by white male landowners, that is—to decide
whether Kansas and Nebraska would be free or slave states. Kansas had since been
the scene of a violent terror campaign, based across the border in
Missouri.
Death squads, known as Border Ruffians, aimed to kill or drive
out those who opposed the spread of slavery to Kansas, and to flood the
territory with their own numbers. Jesse and Frank James, glorified as
“rebellious” outlaws in the movies and folklore, were the most
well-known of these ruffians.
|
Tributes to John Brown
Frederick Douglass called him “that grand old man” and
said, “John Brown began the war that ended American slavery and made this
a free Republic.”
W.E.B. DuBois wrote a biography of John
Brown, published in 1909. He said of him, “John Brown was
right.”
Malcolm X said, “If you are for me and my
problems—when I say me I mean us, our people—then you have to be
willing to do as old John Brown did.”
Eugene Debs called him
“the greatest hero of them all.”
Mother Jones said,
“Some day not in the far distant future there will come another John Brown
and he will tear this nation from end to end if this thing does not
stop.”
The nation of Haiti shut down in official mourning
when John Brown was hanged. The main street in Port-au-Prince is named John
Brown Boulevard.
In January 1860, Karl Marx wrote to Frederick
Engels that “the biggest things that are happening in the world today are
on the one hand the movement of the slaves in America started by the death of
John Brown and, on the other, the movement of the serfs in
Russia.”
In 1912, the year before she died, Harriet Tubman
called John Brown “my dearest friend.”
|
The Border Ruffians hunted down and murdered
African Americans who had escaped slavery and were heading north to Canada. They
brazenly assassinated Underground Railway station operators and anti-slavery
newspaper editors.
It had started to seem like a foregone conclusion that
Kansas would enter the union as a slave state. Then John Brown
arrived.
With a small, brave band of stalwarts, he took on the slave
owners’ death squads in direct combat, and bested them. He revived and
rallied the anti-slavery forces.
At the Battle of Osawatomie, on Aug. 30,
1856, his brilliant tactical maneuvers led to the defeat of a pro-slavery force
of 300 soldiers by his group of under 20—and from then on he was
affectionately known as “Old Osawatomie” by admirers around the
country.
In Lawrence, in the first two weeks of September, he led the
military defense of the state capital from a pro-slavery assault—and ever
after was respectfully called “Captain Brown” by those who fought
alongside him.
But before Osawatomie, before Law rence, John Brown had
already become a legend. That happened at Pottawatomie Creek.
A daring
raid
At Pottawatomie on the night of May 24-25, 1856, John Brown led
an armed band in a lightning raid against an encampment where he knew he’d
find several of the worst of the Border Ruffians who were terrorizing the
territory.
When Brown and company rode off, they left the dead bodies of
five racist thugs. The criminals Brown and his band killed had been responsible
for many assaults and murders; they were also known for capturing Native women
and forcing them into prostitution and sexually assaulting Free State
women.
Until Brown acted, the slaveocracy had been waging an undeclared
war with what seemed like impunity. And not just in the fields and towns of
Kansas. On May 22, two days before Brown rode to Pottawatomie, Preston Brooks, a
member of Congress from South Carolina, had strode onto the floor of the U.S.
Senate and beaten anti-slavery Sen. Charles Sumner of Massachusetts nearly to
death as retaliation for Sumner’s speech “The Crime against
Kansas.”
After Pottawatomie, all this changed. The slaveocracy did
not surrender—it would take the Civil War for that. But from Pottawatomie
word went out.
No longer would the racist death squads have free reign in
Kansas. A new force, a force for freedom, was fighting back.
For years
afterward, in fact to this very day, bourgeois historians have misrepresented
what happened at Pottawatomie. It has been portrayed as an insane, isolated
event, a senseless, inexplicable act of violence—and its perpetrator as a
wild-eyed, crazed, fanatical maniac. The official bourgeois version removes the
Pottawatomie raid from its historic context, the bloody terrorist war the Border
Ruffians were waging, and omits the fact that the men Brown’s troops
killed were racist murderers.
John Brown was no lunatic. He was a hero. By
first frost in the fall of 1856, he had accomplished what six months earlier no
one thought possible. The territory had been secured. Kansas would enter the
union as a free state.
The victory came at a high personal cost for Brown.
His son Frederick died at the Battle of Osawatomie. Another son, John Brown Jr.,
was captured by the pro-slavery forces and tortured horribly while held
prisoner, which led to many years of illness and anguish.
Brown himself
was now a wanted man. A price on his head, he went underground, leaving Kansas.
He headed toward the Northeast.
There he would spend the next three years
raising funds, recruiting troops, writing, speaking and planning. His goal was
nothing less than to launch a guerrilla war, whose leadership would be taken up
by African Americans, to end slavery and establish full freedom and equality for
all.
On to Harpers Ferry
Before, during and after his time in
Kansas, John Brown was keen to learn how to wage the kind of guerrilla warfare
he believed would be necessary to destroy slavery. To whom did he look as his
teachers?
To Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey, and other enslaved African
American leaders of U.S. slave revolts; to the Seminole nation that had resisted
domination by colonial settlers; to the Maroons of the South and of Jamaica and
Surinam, escaped slaves who fought the settler state’s forces in daring
raids from bases in the hills and mountains; and to Toussaint L’Ouverture,
one of the great liberators of Haiti.
Most well-meaning whites, including
abolitionists, were under the sway of racism to varying degrees. In contrast,
Brown not only admired but sought to learn from and emulate Black and Native
leaders. He was that free of the taint of racism.
In Kansas, Brown worked
closely with a Native ally, Ottawa Jones, who sheltered, fed and helped arm
Brown’s group at several points during the months of conflict. Although he
himself was a fiercely devout Christian, Brown counted Jews and atheists among
his troop.
For three years after leaving Kansas, Brown was based in North
Elba, N.Y. There he established a cooperative farming community, the first ever
where Black and white families lived and worked as equals.
Along with
farming and guiding escaped slaves along an Underground Railroad route across
the border to Canada, Brown would spend those three years preparing for the
action he was determined would give rise to a generalized mass uprising by
enslaved Black people. He would write a new constitution for the United States
which first and foremost proclaimed race and sex equality.
He would travel
to Canada and recruit several African Americans, including Osborne Anderson, who
would fight alongside Brown at Harpers Ferry, Va. (now W. Va.), and live to
write about it. He would meet often with the great organizer and orator,
Frederick Douglass, and the two would become close friends. Douglass had escaped
from slavery as a young man.
He would confer with the “Moses”
of the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman, whom he always respectfully
referred to as “Gen. Tubman.” Some believe that Tubman helped plan
the raid on the U.S. Army arsenal at Harpers Ferry and would have taken part in
it had she not fallen ill.
African American freedom fighters Dangerfield
Newby, Lewis S. Leary, John Brown’s sons Watson and Oliver, and six others
of their number would die at Harpers Ferry in October 1859. Five would escape
and survive. Seven, including John Brown, would be captured and
hanged.
Gen. Robert E. Lee, who scant months later would lead the
secessionist Confederate army, led the opposing force that captured John Brown
at Harpers Ferry. John Wilkes Booth, who would assassinate President Abraham
Lincoln in 1865, was among the troops guarding the scaffolding on the day they
hanged John Brown.
On that day, Dec. 2, 1859, just before they led him
from his cell to the gallows, this great soldier for human liberation would
write, “I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty
land will never be purged away but with blood.” Brown was buried in the
majority Black cemetery in North Elba, a fitting tribute indeed.
In April
1861 the Civil War would begin.
Articles copyright 1995-2012 Workers World.
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
Workers World, 55 W. 17 St., NY, NY 10011
Email:
[email protected]
Subscribe
[email protected]
Support independent news
DONATE